Pile foundations are a very old construction method that is still used today. It is used to support structures above ground and also to transfer loads to a solid stratum below the base of the structure. Piles are usually constructed of steel, timber, or concrete. Depending on the type of pile, the carrying capacity of the foundation will vary.
Timber piling is a centuries old technique that is still used for coastal works, jetties, and sea defence. This type of piling has different dimensions, with the most common diameters ranging from 30 to 50 cm. Wood piles are often used as end bearing piles, where the load is transferred to a deeper, stronger layer of soil.
Composite piles are a good way to combine high corrosion resistance with low cost. These piles are usually formed by hammering in a piece of timber or metal, and then being forced into the ground. In some cases, a rock shoe plug is included to prevent the insertion of the pile into a rocky surface.
Driven piles are the classic type of piling. They are driven vertically or incline into the ground, with the intention of transmitting a load to a deeper layer of soil. The process creates vibrations that can damage nearby structures. Consequently, the carrying capacity of a driven pile is lower. However, this type of piling is the easiest to install.
Precast piles are another method of installing piling. These are made in a variety of sizes and shapes, from rectangular to circular. The precast pile is shaped and reinforced to withstand the driving stresses. Once the precast pile is installed, the attachments are welded to the pile based on the design requirements.
Bored piles are another common type of pile. These are installed by boring into the ground. A cast iron shoe is provided at the bottom of the pile. This is intended to improve friction between the pile and the soil.
Precast piles can be made of steel, concrete, and timber. Each of these materials has its own advantages. Steel piles are easily inserted into the ground, are durable, and can be cut off if needed. Concrete piles are also very easy to install. As a result, they are the preferred choice for construction sites that need rapid installation.
Mini piling is a form of piling that is very efficient, and can be used in high depths. They are installed much quicker than other forms of piling, and can be incorporated into an existing foundation system. Compared to other types of piling, mini piling uses less steel and requires less construction labor.
When selecting the best type of pile for a particular project, building engineers need to consider the scale of the infrastructure project. Building engineers need to consult architects, take measurements, and prepare for any construction challenges. Choosing the right type of piling depends on the soil and the desired load-bearing capacity. For example, driven piles are ideal for foundations in non-cohesive or low pH soils.
